What is a "spoils system"?

The "spoils system" refers to the practice where political parties, after winning an election, appoint faithful supporters to government positions. This system is rooted in the belief that political loyalty and support, particularly during campaigns, should be rewarded with tangible benefits such as jobs within the government. This approach became prominent in the United States during the 19th century, particularly under President Andrew Jackson.

The spoils system is significant because it highlights the intersection of politics and public administration, where party affiliation and loyalty can influence employment decisions rather than qualifications or merit. This practice faced criticism for fostering corruption, nepotism, and inefficiency within government agencies as personnel choices were made based on political allegiance instead of professional qualifications. Over time, the drawbacks of the spoils system led to reforms aimed at implementing merit-based systems, such as the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, which established a more structured, competitive framework for filling government jobs.