To whom do Independent Executive Agencies report?

Independent Executive Agencies report directly to the President of the United States. These agencies operate independently of the Executive Departments and are created by Congress to address specific issues that require a level of autonomy from political influence and direct involvement of cabinet members. Examples of such agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

The reason these agencies report to the President is to ensure they have the authority and the backing necessary to operate effectively while maintaining a degree of independence from the daily workings of the Executive Branch. This structure allows the President to uphold accountability for the agencies' actions and policies without micromanaging their day-to-day functions.

The other options, such as reporting to the Secretary of State, the Senate, or the House of Representatives, do not align with the established framework for Independent Executive Agencies, as they are designed to operate with specific autonomy while still being ultimately accountable to the President.